The soundboard in a large piano is also responsible for the sound it produces and a larger soundboard will produce a better quality sound. The soundboard in a smaller piano is less flexible and produces a thinner sound. Pianos tend to show their age in the bass section first.
That depends a lot on the type of the piano. Small uprightpianos only weight 130 to 180 kilos because they have a smallercast iron harp than big uprights or grand pianos. Big uprightsweight from 220 to 350 kilos (big player uprights can even be over400). Grand pianos can be anywhere from 220 to 550.
How many pounds does a piano weighs?
depends on what type of piano but the average weight of a grand piano is 540 pounds Read More
Average weight of baby grand piano?
Baby grand pianos can weigh as much as 400 to 600 pounds. A large grand piano can weigh well over 1,000 pounds. Read More
How many keys on an average piano?
Approximate weight mason and risch appt sized piano?
Approximate weight of a mason and risch appt sized piano? Read More
How do you make a loud sound on a piano?
relax, and drop your weight on the piano. Read More
What is the average price of a piano tuning?
The average price of piano tuning is $100. I charge just $90, here, in Phoenix, AZ - Perfect Piano Tuning, L.L.C. Read More
Number of piano keys?
The average number of keys on a piano is 88. Read More
About how long is a piano?
An average length of a vertical grand piano is about 1,37m. Read More
What is the last note on a keybord?
On an average piano the last note on a piano is C. Read More
What is the approximate weight of a Kimball Artist console piano?
What is unique about a Clavinova CVP digital piano?
The weight of the keys is what is unique about the Clavinova CVP digital piano. Even though it is a digital piano, the keys make it sound like it is a grand piano. Read More
What is the average price for an electronic piano keyboard?
The average price for an electric piano keyboard is 93 dollars. This will depend on the quality of the keyboard and the location that you purchase it from! Read More
What is the weight of a wurlitzer piano model 2128?
What is the average weight for men?
The average weight for a man is 195 pounds. The average weight for a woman is 166 pounds. Average weight can vary according to height. Read More
What is the average cost of a Steinway grand piano?
The average cost for a Steinway grand piano varys depending on what model and condition you purchase one in. A pre-owned piano can cost anything from å£20-å£50. Read More
How wide is an average upright piano?
What is the average price of a piano?
![1950s 1950s](/uploads/1/2/5/7/125751507/178298296.jpg)
Baby grand piano weight?
A normal size four foot baby grand piano can weigh as much as 500 pounds. It is advisable to hire a professional to move a piano. Read More
What is the weight of a console piano?
Depending on the piano, usually a console (defined as a piano between 40' and 45' tall) will weigh between 300 and 500 lbs. Read More
What is the average weight if you are 5'6?
Following are the average weight for male and female if you are 5'6. for female the average weight is 117-143lb and whereas for male the average weight is 128-156lb. Read More
What is a average pandas weight?
What is the average weight of a human?
The average weight for a male is 190.9 lb. The average weight for a female is 164.0 lb. Read More
Average weight of a newborn porcupine fish?
the average weight is 500 pounds the average weight is 500 pounds Read More
How much does a piano cost?
about 250$ The average piano will cost about 100 dollars. However, it depends what brand you get. Read More
How many keys are on a petite grand piano?
The average amount of notes on a petite grand piano is 88 keys. Read More
The average medium sized piano has?
What is the length of an average piano key?
The depth of average upright piano?
What is the highest note on an average piano?
What is the average weight of bamboo?
the average weight of a bamboo is about 132lbs Read More
What is the average weight for a small forward and center in basketball?
The average weight for a small forward is 198. The average weight for a center is 250. Read More
Weight of a baby grand piano?
What is the weight of a 5 ft upright piano?
What is weight of kawai kg-2d grand piano?
What is the average weight of a plum?
The average weight of a plum with an average diameter of 2' is about 78g or about 2oz. Read More
What is the average weight of a 5'5 15-year old girl?
your average weight is 71kgs (156.2 lbs) if your weight is more than this average weight becomes better for you to lose extra weight Read More
What is the average weight of a 19 year old boy?
th average weight is about 125 pounds th average weight is about 125 pounds Read More
What is the average age of piano student?
By this, you could mean a lot of things. What is the average age of a piano student studying at university, or the average age of a piano student that is, say, grade 5? If you mean what is the average age for a piano student to be grade 8, for example, I would say probably about in their early 20s (If they have been studying since in their teens, which is about average). Some… Read More
What is the average weight of people?
There is no average weight. It depends how big or small you are. Read More
What is the weight of the average ant?
3 milligrams is the weight of an average ant. Read More
What is the average weight of a peacock?
The average weight of a peacock is 1.5 gram. Read More
What is the average weight of a starfish?
the average weight of a starfish is 2 pounds Read More
What is the average weight for a goat?
What is average shipping weight of a refrigerator?
what is the average shipping weight of a refrigerator Read More
What is the average weight of a goat?
the average weight of a goat is about 230 lbs Read More
![Mason And Risch Piano 1950s Quality Mason And Risch Piano 1950s Quality](http://antiquepianoshop.com.cn/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/1-145-807x1024.jpg)
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the average weight of a westie is about 3st 7lbs Read More
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The weight of an average chestnut is 7563 grams. Read More
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(Redirected from List of piano makers)
This is a partial list of piano manufacturers. Most piano professionals have access to detailed information about these brands using a Piano Atlas to reference serial numbers, which are used to determine a piano's age using the year a piano was built. This information is often used in piano appraisals.
Company | Place | Years active | Acquired by | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
A. B. Chase | Ohio | 1875 | Aeolian-American Corp until Aeolian went out of business. | Since 2001 the A.B Chase name has been used by Wrightwood Enterprises Inc. on pianos made by the Dongbei Piano Co. in China. |
A. M. McPhail[1] | Boston, MA | 1837–c. 1950 | ||
A. Mittag | Berlin | 1800 | ||
Aeolian Company | New York City | 1868–1985 | Merged with Ampico in 1932. Ampico rebranded as Aeolian in 1941. | |
Charles Albrecht | Philadelphia, PA and Long Island, NY | 1789–present | Acquired by Schultz & Sons Manufacturing Corp., New York | Manufactured in Long Island from 1993–present. One of the earliest pianos made in America. The first known piano by Albrecht is located at the Historical Society of Pennsylvania.[2] |
Allen Brook | London | |||
American Piano Company | East Rochester, NY, US | 1908–1941 | Aeolian Company | aka. Ampico |
Artmann | Shanghai, China | 1998–present | ||
Astin Weight | Salt Lake City | 1959–1999 | ||
Alexander Herrmann KG | Sangerhausen, Germany | 1803–1993 | ||
Babcock | Boston | 1810 | ||
Baldwin | Cincinnati, OH, US | 1890–2001 | Gibson Guitar Corporation | |
Christian Baumann | Zweibrücken, Germany | 1740–1816 | ||
Baumgardt Piano | Stockholm, Sweden | 1859 | ||
Baus Piano Company | New York City | 1895–1929 | Jacob Doll Piano Company | Factories located at Southern Blvd. and Trinity Ave. They built a full line of upright pianos, player pianos, and grand pianos. It was acquired circa 1910; went out of business in the Great Depression |
Beale Piano | Sydney | 1893–1975 | ||
Becker Brothers | New York | 1892–1940 | They Also built pianos under the Bennington name, and player pianos under the Mellotone and Playernola name as well. | |
Bechstein Pianoforte Fabrik AG | Berlin and Seifhennersdorf, Germany | 1853–present | Was owned by Baldwin in 1963. Also manufactured Zimmermann brand after 1992 | |
Behr Brothers Piano Company | Kohler & Campbell | |||
Belarus[3] | Belarus | 1935–present | Also manufactures brands Sängler & Sohne, Schubert and Wieler | |
Bell | Canada | |||
Bentley Piano Company | ||||
Brinkerhoff | ||||
Beulhoff | ||||
Blüthner | 1853 | |||
Bohemia Piano | ||||
Boisselot & Fils | France | 1831–1908 | The brand became Boisselot Fils & Co. in 1847, after the passing of his father Jean-Louis Boisselot. | |
Borgato | Venice, Italy | 1991–present | ||
Bösendorfer | Vienna, Austria | 1828 | Yamaha | Acquired in 2007 |
Brødrene Hals | Oslo | 1847–1925 | ||
Brinsmead | London | 1835 | ||
Broadwood and Sons | London | 1774–present | ||
Brodmann[4] | Vienna, Austria; Parsons Music Hong Kong, China | 2004- | ||
C. Burlman & Co. | ||||
Cable and Sons | New York | 1852 | ||
Cable, Hobart M. | La Porte, IN, US | 1900–1960s | brand was purchased by American Sejung in the 1990s | |
Cable Company | Chicago | 1880 | ||
Cavendish Pianos | Bolton Abbey, Yorkshire | 2012–present | ||
Challen | London | 1804 | ||
Chappell Pianos | London | 1811 | ||
Charles R. Walter | Elkhart, IN, US | 1975 | ||
Charles Stieff | Baltimore | c. 1852–1951 | often referred to as 'The poor man's Steinway' | |
Chas. S. Norris | Boston | c. 1930 | ||
Chickering and Sons | Boston | 1823–1983 | American Piano Company | Acquired in 1908 |
Collard & Collard | London | |||
Cunningham Piano Company | Philadelphia | 1891 | ||
Currier Piano Co. | Boston and Marion, NC, US | 1823, 1969 | Acquisition details | |
Clementi | ||||
Danemann | London | 1893 | ||
Decker Brothers | New York | 1862 | ||
Eastman | ||||
Edmund | British Columbia | |||
Érard | Paris | 1777 | ||
Estey Piano Corp | 1869 | |||
Estonia Piano Factory | Estonia | 1893–present | ||
EUTERPE | ||||
Fahr Albert | Zeitz, Germany | 1887–1950 | ||
Falcone[5] | Haverhill, MA, US | 1982–1993 | American Sejung Corp. | |
Fandrich & Sons | Stanwood, WA, US | c. 1989–present | ||
Fazioli | Sacile, PN, Italy | 1978–present | ||
Feurich | 1851 | |||
J.C. Fischer | New York | 1840 | ||
August Förster | Löbau, Germany | 1859–present | ||
Francis Connor | New York | 1871 | ||
Fritz Dobbert | São Paulo, Brazil | 1950 | ||
Gabler | New York | 1851 | ||
Gaveau | Paris | 1847 | ||
Generalmusic | Italy and Bensenville, IL, US | |||
Glenz (Josef) | Breslau | |||
Timothy Gilbert | Boston | 1827 | ||
Goetzmann | New York | |||
Grinnell | 1515 Woodward Avenue, Detroit, Michigan | 1902-Present?? by Samick International | Sold under names Lenard, Clayton, Holly, Uxbridge and Playtona | |
Grotrian-Steinweg | Braunschweig, Germany | 1835–present | ||
Gunther[6] | Brussels | 1845–1960 | ||
Haddorf Piano Company | Rockford, Illinois | 1902–1960 | Maker of Steinbach, Clarendon & Dreher | |
Haines Brothers | New York | 1832 | ||
Hallet, Davis & Co | Boston | 1843 (Known as Brown and Hallet from 1835 to 1843) It is the oldest United States Piano Name still in production | Hallet, Davis, & Co. is now owned by North American Music, Inc. and has been in production since the original Hallet, Davis & Company was formed in Boston in 1843 by George H. Davis, Russell Hallet, and other partners. It was originally Brown and Hallet in 1835. Hallet & Davis was reconstituted by Davis with another Hallet (Benjamin Franklin Hallet) in Boston in the 1850s.[7] The W. W. Kimball Company acquired Hallet & Davis in the early 1900s. In 1905, the Conway Company, a holding company, acquired the Hallet & Davis name from Kimball. In 1927, Conway disposed of its piano business.[8] In the mid-twentieth century, the Hallet & Davis name, as well as many other U.S. piano brands, were consolidated under the Aeolian-American Corp., which declared bankruptcy in 1985. | Continuing the Hallet & Davis brand, and appropriate to its Boston association, there was a trademark submission in 1998 for 'HALLET, DAVIS & CO. BOSTON' as was applied for by North American Music, Inc., a piano distributor.[9] The application was 'Refused/Dismissed or Invalidated' by the U.S. Patent and Trade Office (USPTO).[10] The very next year, in 1999, North American Music applied again for a Hallet & Davis trademark, but this time simply as 'HALLET, DAVIS & CO.' (removing 'BOSTON'), which was ultimately granted in 2001 by the USPTO.[11] The Pearl River Piano Group of China (which manufactures HD&C pianos as well as Essex Pianos for Steinway & Sons), puts 'Boston' under the HD&C and thus providing the continuity of Lineage to its roots in Boston, MA. |
Hansmann | ||||
Hardman Peck | New York | 1842 | ||
Heichele, Johann | Ljubljana, Trieste | 1790–1813 | ||
Heintzman & Co. | Toronto | 1866 | ||
Henk Hupkes | Rotterdam, The Netherlands | 2007–present | Build in cooperation with Thüringer Pianoforte, Eisenberg, Germany | |
Herbert | Milwaukee, Wi. USA | |||
Hobart M. Cable | La Porte, Indiana, US | 1900 | American Sejung Corp. | |
Hornung & Møller | Copenhagen, Denmark | 1827–1972 | ||
Hupfield | 1880 | |||
Ibach | 1794 | |||
Irmler | Leipzig and Poland | |||
Søren Jensen | Copenhagen, Denmark | 1893–1921 | ||
J. Erbe Eisenach | Germany | 1881 | ||
J. Strauss & Son | 1925 | |||
Julius Bauer & Co | Chicago | |||
Kawai | Hamamatsu, Japan | 1930–present | Also owns the Shigeru Kawai brand | |
Kemble | 1911 | |||
Kimball | Chicago Il, USA | 1857 | see Kimball International | |
Kirschner | New York | |||
Klavins Piano Manufaktúra Kft. | Vác, Hungary | 2017–present | ||
Knabe | Baltimore | 1837 | American Piano Company | Acquired in 1908 |
Knight, Ltd. | 1935 | |||
Kohler & Campbell | New York | 1896 | ||
Krakauer Bros | New York | 1869 | ||
Kranich & Bach | 1864 | |||
Kurtzmann | ||||
Albert W. Ladd & Company | Boston | 1838 | ||
Lauter Piano Co. | Newark, NJ, US | 1862–1930 | ||
Leipziger Pianofortefabrik | 1835 | |||
Lesage Piano Company[12] | Quebec | Willis & Co. | Acquired in 1907 | |
Lester Piano Company[13] | Lester, PA, US | 1888–1960 | Also manufactured brands Channing, Alden, Bellaire, Schubert and Leonard | |
Lindeman & Sons | New York | 1836 | ||
Ludwig & Company | St. Louis, MO, US | 1895 | ||
M. Schulz Piano Co. | Chicago, Il, US | 1869–1930s | Company manufactured and sold pianos under the names of M. Schulz, Walworth, Bradford, Irving, and Maynard, and Aria Divina. | They were also sold under the names Brinkerhoff(from teens until about 1950s) and Schriver & Sons |
Maene | Ruiselede, Belgium | 1938–present | Founded by Parents Albert Maene-Doutreloigne | |
Mammoth Piano | US | 2010 | ||
Marshall & Wendell | New York City | 1875-1953 | ||
Mason & Hamlin | Boston | 1854–present | Part owned by The Cable Company (from 1904–1924). Acquired by American Piano Company (1924), Aeolian (c. 1929), Aeolian-American (1932), (Various owners from 1940s–1980s), Sohmer & Co. (1985), and Burgett, Inc. (1996) | This brand has changed hands and factories many times in its history. See main article. |
Mason & Risch | Ontario | |||
Mathushek | New York | 1852–1879 | New Haven 1866 | |
Mehlin & Sons | New York | 1853–1960 | ||
Melville Clark company | DeKalb | Purchased by Baldwin in 1919 | ||
Mendelssohn | Canada | |||
Moore and Moore | London | |||
Muir, Wood and Company[14] | Edinburgh, Scotland | 1798–1818 | Wood, Small and Company | Wood, Small and Company was formed at John Muir's Death in 1818 |
Murdoch, McKillop & Co | Edinburgh, Scotland | |||
Joseph Newman | Baltimore | 1829 | ||
Newman & Bros. | Baltimore | 1842 | ||
Nordheimer | Canada | |||
Obermann & Sohn | ||||
Overs | Sydney, Australia | |||
Pape | Paris | 1817 | ||
Stephen Paulello | Villethierry, France | present | ||
Pearl River Piano Group | Guangzhou, China | 1956–present | ||
Perzina | Lenzen, Germany and Yantai, China | 1871–present | ||
Petrof | Hradec Králové, Czech Republic | 1864–present | ||
Petzold | Paris | 1806 | ||
Pfeiffer | Stuttgart, Germany | 1862 | ||
Prate | Canada | |||
Pirsson | New York | 1829 | ||
Pleyel | Paris | 1807 | ||
QRS | 1900 | |||
Quidoz | Quebec | |||
Rainer | Canada | |||
Reed & SonsChicago, Il. USA | 1842 | |||
Rubenstein | 2005–present | |||
Manuel Samaniego[citation needed] | Madrid | c. 1800s–1892 | ||
Samick | Incheon, South Korea | 1958–present | ||
San Francisco Piano Co. | ||||
Sauter[15][16] | 1819–present | |||
Adam Schaaf[17] | Chicago | 1873–1930s | also sold as Clarion and Orpheus | |
Schiedmayer | 1853 | |||
Schiller Piano Company[18] | Oregon, Illinois | 1890–1936 | Cable Company | |
Schimmel | Germany | 1885–present | ||
Scholze | ||||
Schultz & Sons | Brooklyn, NY and Long Island, NY | 1948–present | In Brooklyn 1948–1973. In Long Island 1974–present. Schultz & Sons has an exclusive arrangement with several manufacturers to make pianos that arethen modified and enhanced in the Schultz & Sons factory. Schultz & Sons has applied for patents on its unique innovations in Action, Scale, and Soundboard design. Schultz & Sons alsocontrols the Charles Albrecht name. They produce Grands, Consoles, and Uprights. In addition tothe Schultz & Sons serial number, pianos have the original manufacturers serial number.[2]Pianos with the following second serial numbers were originally made by: Kawai starting with 1955160Sohmer starting with 244540Nakamichi starting with 057493 Kohler & Campbell starting with 798777 [2] | |
Schulze & Pollman | ||||
Schweighofer | 1792–1938 | |||
Sears, Roebuck & Company[19] | Chicago | c. 1900–1930 | Also manufactured/sold brands Beckwith, American Home, Maywood, Beverley, and Caldwell | |
Seiler | 1849 | Samick | ||
Sezemsky | Chicago, United States | 1886–1901 | ||
Sherlock-Manning | Ontario | |||
Sherman Clay | San Francisco | |||
Shomacker | Philadelphia | c. 1840s | ||
Shondorff | New York | |||
Shondorff | New York | |||
Sjuman Instruments | Indonesia | 2015 | ||
F.G. Smith | New York | 1866 | ||
Sohmer & Co. | New York | 1872 | ||
Starr Piano Company | Richmond, Indiana | 1872–1950 | Originally named the Trayser Piano Company, after one of its founders, George Trayser. They also produced a more affordable, yet exceptional quality, piano line, the 'Richmond Piano Company', which was sold alongside theirs in showrooms. Also known for founding Gennett Records. | |
Steck | New York | 1857 | American Sejung Corp. | |
Steinbach & Dreher | Rockford, Illinois | 1902–1960 | Actually made by Haddorff Piano company. | |
G. Steinberg | Berlin, Germany | 1908–present | ||
Steingraeber & Söhne[20] | Bayreuth, Germany | 1852–present | ||
Steinway & Sons | New York and Hamburg, Germany | 1853–present | ||
Sterling Piano Company | Derby, Connecticut | 1866–1967 | Founded in 1845 as The Sterling Organ Company by Charles A. Sterling, the company merged with the Winter Piano Company after the Great Depression. They also produced the cheaper, but reputable, Huntington Piano. | |
Story & Clark | Los Angeles | 1884 | ||
Straube Piano Company | Downers Grove, Illinois (1895–1904) Hammond, Indiana (1904–1940) Chicago Heights (1940–1942) Rockford, Illinois (1942–1949) | 1895–1949 | C.G. Conn (1942) | Manufactured Straube, Hammond, Gilmore, and Woodward; receiver's sale in 1934; bankruptcy in 1937 — remaining assets, including name and patents continued in 1937 in the newly formed Indiana corporation, Straube Pianos Inc. |
Streicher[16] | 1802 | |||
Strich & Zeidler[21][22] | New York City | 1889–1930s | Also manufactured Homer brand | |
Stuart and Sons | Newcastle, Australia | present | ||
Stuyvesant | New York | |||
Suzuki Musical Instrument Corporation | Japan | 1953 | ||
Thürmer | 1834 | |||
Uebel & Lechleiter | Heilbronn, Germany | 1872–1987 | ||
United Piano Makers | New York | c. 1800s | ||
Verdugo e Hijo | Quito, Ecuador | 1995–present | ||
Waldberg | Berlin | c. 1890 | ||
Weber (New York)[12] | New York | 1852 | Young Chang | |
George Weber & son, John | Chicago | 1917 | ||
Weber (Ontario)[12] | Kingston, ON, Canada | 1862 | Lesage Piano Company | |
Whaley-Royce | Toronto | |||
Whelpdale, Maxwell & Codd | 1876 | |||
George Wilkinson | London | 1811 | ||
Wilh. Steinberg | Germany | 1877 | ||
Willis & Company Ltd.[23] | Montreal | 1889–1979 | Acquired Lesage Piano Company in 1907. Also manufactured Newcombe | |
Wolfframm Dresden | Dresden, Germany | 1872–1930s | Started out under brand name Apollo | |
Wornum | London | 1811 | ||
Wood, Small and Company[24] | Edinburgh, Scotland | 1818–1829 | Successive firms were Wood and Company, J. Muir Wood Company, and Small, Bruce and Company | Continued until Andrew Wood's Death in 1829 |
Wornum | London | 1811 | ||
Wurlitzer | Cincinnati, OH, US | 1856–1988 | Baldwin | Also sold under the names Apollo, De Kalb, Julius Bauer, Farney, Kingston, Kurtzman, Merrium. Schaff Bros. and Underwood. |
Yamaha | Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan | 1887–present | Acquired Bösendorfer in 2007. See also List of Yamaha products | |
Young Chang | Seoul, South Korea | 1956 | Hyundai Development Company | Acquired in 2006 |
Zimmermann | Seifhennersdorf, Germany | 1884–2011 | Bechstein Pianoforte Fabrik AG | Acquired in 1992 |
References[edit]
- ^'Antique Piano Shop, McPhail'.
- ^ abcBob Pierce, Larry Ashley Pierce Piano Atlas, 10th Edition, September 26, 1996
- ^The Virtual Pianoshop. 'Piano: Belarus'. Retrieved 14 December 2012.
- ^'Piano: Brodmann'. Retrieved 20 March 2019.
- ^'Falcone, The Handmade American Piano'.
- ^'Antique Piano Shop, Gunther'.
- ^Novak., Clinkscale, Martha (1993–1999). Makers of the piano. Oxford [England]: Oxford University Press. ISBN0198163231. OCLC27430492.
- ^Dolge, Alfred (1913). Pianos and Their Makers, Vol. 2. Covina, CA: Covina Publishing Company. p. 107. ISBN1527808947.
- ^'- North American Music'. namusic.com. Retrieved 2018-05-14.
- ^'Trademark Status & Document Retrieval'. tsdr.uspto.gov. Retrieved 2018-05-14.
- ^'Trademark Status & Document Retrieval'. tsdr.uspto.gov. Retrieved 2018-05-14.
- ^ abc'Antique Piano Shop, Weber'.
- ^'Lester Piano Company'. Archived from the original on 2012-06-06.
- ^Palmieri, Robert (2003). The Piano: An Encyclopedia. New York City, NY, USA: Taylor & Francis. p. 243.
- ^'HIstory of Sauter'. Archived from the original on 2006-08-21.
- ^ ab'Extended History of Sauter'. Archived from the original on 2012-05-01.
- ^'Antique Piano Shop, Adam Schaaf'.
- ^Novak, Alice (29 November 2012), NRHP Nomination: Oregon Commercial Historic District(PDF), Illinois Historic Preservation Agency, archived from the original(pdf) on 20 November 2015
- ^The Antique Piano Shop. 'Sears, Roebuck & Company'. Retrieved 14 December 2012.
- ^History of the Manufacturers Steingraeber & Söhne(pdf)
- ^'Antique Piano Shop, Strich & Zeidler'.
- ^Dolge, Alfred (1913). Pianos and Their Makers: Development of the piano industry in America Since the Centennial Exhibition in Philadelphia, 1876; Volume II. Covina Publishing Company.
- ^'The Canadian Encyclopedia, Willis & Company Ltd'. Retrieved 4 December 2012.
- ^Palmieri, Robert (2003). The Piano: An Encyclopedia. New York City, NY, USA: Taylor & Francis. p. 435.
External links[edit]
See also[edit]
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